Echocardiographic assessment of atrial function in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with and without paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is accompanied by pathophysiological changes that predispose to the development of atrial fibrillation (AF). This arrhythmia impacts negatively on the morbidity, mortality and quality of life of these patients. Our objective was to evaluate the behavior of left atrial function, by means of atrial strain (derived from speckle tracking) and volumetric analysis by three-dimensional echocardiography, in patients with HCM with paroxysmal AF. METHOD: We analysed left atrial function in 53 patients with HCM, 25 of whom were paroxysmal AF carriers (mean age 61.7±9.9 years; 56% female) compared with 28 members of the control group (mean age 60.5±10 years; 53.6% female) who were matched especially for sex, age and other demographic data. RESULTS: It was observed that patients with HCM and a history of paroxysmal AF had lower left atrial emptying fractions than individuals in the control group; and the active atrial emptying fraction was a factor independently associated with the presence of this arrhythmia (p=0.018; odds ratio=0.93). Moreover, we found a significant reduction of the left atrial strain in all its components in the total sample of patients, with no difference between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Measurements of atrial emptying fractions by three-dimensional echocardiography allowed differentiating patients with HCM with and without paroxysmal AF.

A Curva Volume-Tempo Obtida pela Ecocardiografia Tridimensional na Cardiomiopatia Chagásica: Análise do Mecanismo das Adaptações Hemodinâmicas / The Volume-Time Curve by Three-Dimensional Echocardiography in Chagas Cardiomyopathy: Insights into the Mechanism of Hemodynamic Adaptations

Resumo Fundamento A ecocardiografia tridimensional (ECO 3D) permite a geração de uma curva volume-tempo representativa das alterações no volume ventricular esquerdo (VE) ao longo de todo o ciclo cardíaco. Objetivo O presente estudo tem como objetivo demonstrar as adaptações hemodinâmicas presentes na cardiomiopatia chagásica (CC) por meio das medidas de volume e fluxo obtidas pela curva volume-tempo por ECO 3D. Métodos Vinte pacientes com CC e 15 indivíduos saudáveis foram incluídos prospectivamente em um estudo de desenho transversal. Realizou-se ECO 3D em todos os indivíduos e as curvas volume-tempo do VE foram geradas. O fluxo foi obtido pela primeira derivada da curva volume-tempo por meio do software MATLAB. A significância estatística foi definida com p<0,05. Resultados Embora os pacientes com CC tivessem menor fração de ejeção do VE em comparação com o grupo controle (29,8±7,5 vs. 57,7±6,1, p<0,001), o volume (61,5±25,2 vs. 53,8±21,0, p=0,364) e o fluxo de ejeção máximo durante a sístole (-360,3±147,5 vs. -305,6±126,0, p = 0,231) mostraram-se semelhantes entre os grupos. Da mesma forma, o fluxo máximo na fase de enchimento inicial e durante a contração atrial mostrou-se semelhante entre os grupos. Um aumento na pré-carga expressa pelo volume diastólico final do VE (204,8±79,4 vs. 93,0±32,6), p<0,001) pode manter o fluxo e o volume ejetado semelhantes aos dos controles. Conclusão Com uma ferramenta não invasiva, demonstramos que o aumento no volume diastólico final do VE pode ser o principal mecanismo de adaptação que mantém o fluxo e o volume ejetado no cenário de disfunção sistólica ventricular esquerda severa.

Abstract Background Three-dimensional echocardiography (3D ECHO) allows the generation of a volume-time curve representative of changes in the left ventricular (LV) volume throughout the entire cardiac cycle. Objective This study aims to demonstrate the hemodynamic adaptations present in Chagas cardiomyopathy (CC) by means of the volume and flow measurements obtained by the volume-time curve by 3D ECHO. Methods Twenty patients with CC and 15 healthy subjects were prospectively enrolled in a cross-sectional design study. 3D ECHO was performed in all subjects and the volume over time curves of the LV was generated. The flow was obtained by the first derivative of the volume-time curve using the software MATLAB. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results Although CC patients had lower LV ejection fraction compared to the control group (29.8±7.5 vs. 57.7±6.1, p<0.001), stroke volume (61.5±25.2 vs. 53.8±21.0, p=0.364) and maximum ejection flow during systole (-360.3±147.5 vs. -305.6±126.0, p=0.231) were similar between the groups. Likewise, the maximum flow in the early diastolic filling phase and during atrial contraction was similar between groups. An increase in preload expressed by LV end diastolic volume (204.8±79.4 vs. 93.0±32.6), p<0.001) may maintain the flow and stroke volumes similar to the controls. Conclusion Using a non-invasive tool, we demonstrated that an increase in LV end-diastolic volume may be the main adaptation mechanism that maintains the flow and stroke volumes in the setting of severe LV systolic dysfunction.

Ecocardiografia sob estresse usando imagem tridimensional em tempo real / Stress echocardiography using real-time 3d imaging

A necessidade de examinar o coração com uma ferramenta tridimensional não é nova na ecocardiografia. O órgão complexo e dinâmico em estudo sempre exigiu o entendimento em três dimensões e em tempo real. Sem o recurso, o examinador precisa transformar as imagens em bidimensional para uma compreensão de volume que exige complexa interação de conhecimentos e aproximações. A invenção da tridimensão já contabiliza três décadas, e seu aprimoramento levou a produtos comerciais no início do século. Estudos demonstram, no mínimo, equivalência da tridimensão com ganhos no manuseio do tempo necessário. Utilizamos as modalidades Tri Plano na rotina com ganho de tempo e menor estresse do membro superior do examinador. A tridimensão pode responder perguntas mais complexas e auxilia em nossa abordagem mais geométrica da contração, sendo o espessamento analisado em segundo plano.(AU)

The need to examine the heart using a three-dimensional (3D) tool is not new. This complex and dynamic organ has always required 3D and real-time understanding. Without this feature, the examiner has to transform two-dimensional images to understand its volume, which requires complex knowledge and approximation interactions. Echocardiography was invented three decades ago, and its improvements resulted in commercial products at the beginning of the century. Some studies demonstrate 3D equivalence with gains in handling the necessary time. We use triplane modalities in our routine, with time gain and less stress on the examiner's upper limb. Thus, 3D examinations can answer more complex questions and provide a more geometric approach to contraction, with thickening being analyzed in the background. (AU)

Ecocardiografia Tridimensional na avaliação de endocardite de válvula nativa: um relato de caso e semelhança entre achados ecocardiográficos e cirúrgicos / Three-Dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in native valve endocarditis: a case report and similarities between echocardiography and surgical findings

A endocardite de valva nativa é uma doença incomum, complexa, e de alta morbimortalidade. Requer tratamento clínico prolongado, com várias complicações possíveis, e o seu tratamento cirúrgico é complexo e tecnicamente difícil. O ecocardiograma transtorácico e transesofágico são fundamentais na avaliação da doença, inclusive seus achados são parte dos critérios diagnósticos de endocardite. Adicionalmente, o ecocardiograma tridimensional (3D) contribui com detalhamento anatômico na avaliação das estruturas cardíacas acometidas pela doença. Mostramos um caso em que é ilustrado o papel da ecocardiografia no diagnóstico e avaliação de complicações da endocardite, comparando as imagens do ecocardiograma 3D pré-operatórias, com os achados durante o ato cirúrgico. (AU)

Native valve bacterial endocarditis is an uncommon, complex, and highly morbid disease that requires prolonged clinical treatment and challenging surgical interventions. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography are paramount assessment tools whose findings are included in the diagnostic criteria. Three-dimensional echocardiography shows further realistic imaging details. Here we present a case demonstrating the role of echocardiography in the diagnosis of endocarditis and the identification of its complications to show how advanced imaging techniques may have a remarkable resemblance with in vivo surgical findings. (AU)

3-Dimensional Echocardiography and 2-D Strain Analysis of Left Ventricular, Left Atrial and Right Ventricular Function in Healthy Brazilian Volunteers / Análise da Função Ventricular Esquerda e Direita e Atrial Esquerda pelo Ecocardiograma Tridimensional e Análise da Deformação Bidimensional em Voluntários Saudáveis Brasileiros

Abstract Background: New echocardiographic techniques are used in the diagnosis and prognosis of many heart diseases. However, reference values in different populations are still needed for several of these new indexes. We studied these new echocardiographic parameters in a group of Brazilians with no known cardiovascular disease. Objective: To study values for new echocardiographic indexes in Brazilians without known cardiovascular disease and their correlation with age. Methods: Cross-sectional study that included healthy individuals who underwent three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) and two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) strain (e) analysis. Left atrial (LA) and left ventricular (LV) function were analyzed by 3DE and STE, and right ventricular (RV) function by STE. P values < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Seventy-seven subjects (46.7% men; 40.4 ± 10.4 years) were included. Maximum, minimum and pre-atrial contraction (pre-A) LA volumes (ml/m2) were 21.2 ± 5.5, 7.8 ± 2.5, and 11.0 ± 3.1, respectively. Peak positive global LA e (LAScd), peak negative global LA e and total global LA e (LASr) were 17.4 ± 5.2%, -13.2 ± 2.0% and 30.5 ± 5.9%, respectively. LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes (ml/m2) measured 57 ± 12 and 24 ± 6, and 3D LV ejection fraction measured 58 ± 6%. Global LV longitudinal, circumferential and radial e were -19 ± 2%, -19 ± 3%, and 46 ± 12%, respectively. LV torsion measured 1.6 ± 0.70 /cm. Global longitudinal RV e (RV-GLS) and RV free wall strain were -22 ± 3% and -24 ± 5%. Minimum LA and pre-A volumes, LV apical rotation, torsion and RV-GLS increased with age, while total and passive LA emptying fractions, LAScd, LASr, LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes decreased with age. Conclusion: Values for new echocardiographic indexes in Brazilians without known cardiovascular disease and their correlation with age are presented.

Resumo Fundamentos: Novas técnicas ecocardiográficas são utilizadas no diagnóstico e prognóstico de diversas cardiopatias. No entanto, muitos desses novos índices ainda carecem de valores de referência em diferentes populações. Estudamos esses novos parâmetros ecocardiográficos em um grupo de brasileiros sem doença cardiovascular conhecida. Objetivo: Estudar valores dos novos índices ecocardiográficos em brasileiros sem doença cardiovascular conhecida e sua correlação com a idade. Métodos: Estudo transversal composto por indivíduos saudáveis que realizaram ecocardiograma tridimensional (E3D) e ecocardiograma bidimensional com análise de deformação (e) por speckle tracking (EST). Foram analisadas as funções atrial esquerda (AE) e ventricular esquerda (VE) por E3D e EST, e a função ventricular direita (VD) por EST. Valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados significantes. Resultados: Foram incluídos setenta e sete indivíduos (46,7% homens; 40,4 ± 10,4 anos). Os volumes AE máximo, mínimo e pré-contração atrial (pré-A) (ml/m2) foram 21,2 ± 5,5, 7,8 ± 2,5 e 11,0 ± 3,1, respectivamente. O pico da e global positiva do AE (LAScd), pico da e global negativa do AE e e global total do AE (LASr) foram 17,4±5,2%, -13,2 ± 2,0% e 30,5 ± 5,9%, respectivamente. Os volumes diastólico final e sistólico final do VE (ml/m2) mediram 57 ± 12 e 24 ± 6 e a fração de ejeção tridimensional do VE mediu 58 ± 6%. A e longitudinal, circunferencial e radial global do VE foi de -19 ± 2%, -19 ± 3% e 46 ± 12%, respectivamente. A torção do VE mediu 1,6 ± 0,7(0)/cm. A e longitudinal global do VD (SLG-VD) e a deformação da parede livre do VD foram de -22 ± 3% e -24 ± 5%. Os volumes mínimo e pré-A do AE, rotação apical do VE, torção e SLG-VD aumentaram com a idade, enquanto as frações de esvaziamento total e passivo do LA, LAScd, LASr, volumes diastólico final e sistólico final do VE diminuíram com a idade. Conclusão: Apresentam-se os valores para os novos índices ecocardiográficos em brasileiros sem doença cardiovascular conhecida e sua correlação com a idade.

Three-dimensional Tricuspid Area. A New Criterion to Improve Patient Selection for Annuloplasty in Tricuspid Regurgitation.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Late functional tricuspid regurgitation after rheumatic left-sided valve surgery is an important predictor of poor prognosis. This study investigated the usefulness and accuracy of 3-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography tricuspid area compared with conventional 2-dimensional diameter (2DD) for assessing significant tricuspid annulus dilatation, providing cutoff values that could be used in clinical practice to improve patient selection for surgery. METHODS: We prospectively included 109 patients with rheumatic heart disease in the absence of previous valve replacement. Tricuspid regurgitation was divided into 3 groups: mild, moderate, and severe. Optimal 3-dimensional area (3DA) and 2DD cutoff points for identification of significant tricuspid annulus dilatation were obtained and compared with current guideline thresholds. Predictive factors for 3DA dilatation were also assessed. RESULTS: Optimal cutoff points for both absolute and adjusted to body surface area (BSA) tricuspid annulus dilatation were identified (3DA: 10.4 cm2, 6.5 cm2/m2; 2DD: 35 mm, 21 mm/m2); 3DA/BSA had the best diagnostic performance (AUC=0.83). Three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography tricuspid area helped to reclassify surgical indication in 14% of patients with mild tricuspid regurgitation (95%CI, 1%-15%; P=.03) and 37% with moderate tricuspid regurgitation (95%CI, 22%-37%; P<.0001), whereas 3DA/BSA changed surgery criteria in cases of mild tricuspid regurgitation (17%; 95%CI, 3%-17%; P=.01) compared with 2DD/BSA. On multivariable analysis, right and left atrial volumes and basal right ventricle diameter were independently correlated with 3DA. CONCLUSIONS: The current 40 mm threshold underestimates tricuspid annulus dilatation. Although 21 mm/m2 seems to be a reasonable criterion, the combination with 3DA assessment improves patient selection for surgery.

Right Atrial Deformation Analysis in Cardiac Amyloidosis - Results from the Three-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiographic MAGYAR-Path Study / Análise da Deformação Atrial Direita na Amiloidose Cardíaca - Resultados de Ecocardiografia Tridimensional de Speckle-Tracking do Estudo MAGYAR-Path

Abstract Background: Light-chain (AL) cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is characterized by fibril deposits, which are composed of monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains. The right ventricle is mostly involved in AL-CA and impairment of its function is a predictor of worse prognosis. Objectives: To characterize the volumetric and functional properties of the right atrium (RA) in AL-CA by three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (3DSTE). Methods: A total of 16 patients (mean age: 64.5 ± 10.1 years, 11 males) with AL-CA were examined. Their results were compared to that of 15 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (mean age: 58.9 ± 6.9 years, 8 males). All cases have undergone complete two-dimensional Doppler and 3DSTE. A two-tailed p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Significant differences could be demonstrated in RA volumes respecting cardiac cycle. Total (19.2 ± 9.3% vs. 27.9 ± 10.7%, p = 0.02) and active atrial emptying fractions (12.1 ± 8.1 vs. 18.6 ± 9.8%, p = 0.05) were significantly decreased in AL-CA patients. Peak global (16.7 ± 10.3% vs. 31.2 ± 19.4%, p = 0.01) and mean segmental (24.3 ± 11.1% vs. 38.6 ± 17.6%, p =0.01) RA area strains, together with some circumferential, longitudinal and segmental area strain parameters, proved to be reduced in patients with AL-CA. Global longitudinal (4.0 ± 5.2% vs. 8.2 ± 5.5%, p = 0.02) and area (7.8 ± 8.1% vs. 15.9 ± 10.3%, p = 0.03) strains at atrial contraction and some circumferential and area strain parameters at atrial contraction were reduced in AL-CA patients. Conclusion: Significantly increased RA volumes and deteriorated RA functions could be demonstrated in AL-CA.

Resumo Fundamento: A amiloidose cardíaca (AC) de cadeias leves (AL) é caracterizada por depósitos fibrilares, que são compostos por cadeias leves de imunoglobulina monoclonal. O ventrículo direito é mais afetado pela AC-AL, e o comprometimento da sua função é preditor de um prognóstico pior. Objetivos: Caracterizar as propriedades volumétricas e funcionais do átrio direito (AD) na AC-AL por ecocardiografia tridimensional de speckle-tracking (3DSTE). Métodos: Um total de 16 pacientes (idade média: 64,5 ± 10,1 anos, 11 homens) com AC-AL foram examinados. Seus resultados foram comparados aos de 15 controles saudáveis pareados por idade e gênero (média de idade: 58,9 ± 6,9 anos, 8 homens). Todos os casos foram submetidos a Doppler bidimensional completo e 3DSTE. Um valor p bicaudal inferior a 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: Diferenças significativas foram demonstradas em volumes do AD com respeito ao ciclo cardíaco. O total (19,2 ± 9,3% vs. 27,9 ± 10,7%, p = 0,02) e as frações ativas de esvaziamento atrial (12,1 ± 8,1 vs. 18,6 ± 9,8%, p = 0,05) foram significativamente menores nos pacientes com AC-AL. Picos de strain no AD em áreas globais (16,7 ± 10,3% vs. 31,2 ± 19,4%, p = 0,01) e segmentares médias (24,3 ± 11,1% vs. 38,6 ± 17,6%, p = 0,01), juntamente com alguns parâmetros de strain por áreas circunferenciais, longitudinais e segmentares, mostraram-se menores em pacientes com AC-AL. Strains globais longitudinais (4,0 ± 5,2% vs. 8,2 ± 5,5%, p = 0,02) e por área (7,8 ± 8,1 vs. 15,9 ± 10,3%, p = 0,03) na contração atrial e alguns parâmetros de circunferência e de strain por área na contração atrial foram menores em pacientes com AC-AL. Conclusão: Foi possível demonstrar o aumento significativo dos volumes do AD e a deterioração de suas funções na AC-AL.